Author: administración

In 1956, IBM showed businesses a refrigerator-sized storage cabinet that could reach a record in less than a second instead of forcing clerks to shuffle through trays of punched cards. The IBM 305 RAMAC system and its IBM 350 disk storage unit turned fifty spinning aluminum platters into something that looked, for the first time, like instantly reachable corporate memory. The numbers are almost comic now. The disk unit stored five million 6-bit characters, the equivalent of about 3.75 megabytes of data, on fifty 24-inch disks rotating at 1,200 revolutions per minute. The Computer History Museum notes that the unit…

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Key PointsMedical and veterinary students who should be grandfathered into pre-OBBBA borrowing limits are incorrectly receiving notices that they’ve hit the new caps.Schools with summer-start programs, including many medical, dental, and veterinary schools, are struggling to disburse federal loans on time because systems were rebuilt to accommodate One Big Beautiful Bill Act changes. Over the past several weeks we’ve heard multiple reports from graduate students about financial aid delays and miscommunication as they start summer classes. For medical, dental, and veterinary schools that start as early as May, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) changes are causing delays and…

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On June 3, 1977, Ann Druyan sat for an hour-long recording session in New York while instruments captured the electrical activity of her brain and body. Two days earlier, she and Carl Sagan had decided over the telephone that they would marry. During the recording, she followed a mental script about Earth, life, civilization, war, poverty, children, parents, and love. That hour was electronically compressed into roughly one minute of sound and added to the Voyager Golden Record, the gold-plated copper disc fixed to both Voyager spacecraft in 1977. The result is not a song or a spoken message. It…

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The Apollo Guidance Computer that landed Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the Sea of Tranquility in July 1969 ran on software that had been physically sewn into its memory by women sitting at workbenches in a Raytheon factory in Waltham, Massachusetts. Each one of them threaded thin copper wires through, or around, tiny ferrite rings the size of a pencil tip. A wire passing through the ring stored a 1. A wire passing around it stored a 0. The program could not be overwritten because it was, in the most literal sense, a textile. The engineers at the MIT…

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In 1959, Soviet geneticist Dmitri Belyaev began a breeding experiment in Novosibirsk with a dangerous simplicity: choose only the silver foxes least likely to fear a human hand, and ignore everything else. Genetics had been politically dangerous in the Soviet Union under Trofim Lysenko. Belyaev had already lost his Moscow post for his commitment to classical genetics, and the work had to be framed carefully inside the world of fur-animal breeding. The foxes gave him cover. They were valuable pelt animals, already housed on farms, but they were not domesticated. Within a few generations, some of the foxes were wagging…

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Hand soap: Photo from Pixabay/Petra Recently, I was walking with a friend who described how recent inflation has hit her family hard. She said that during the last week of the month, she and her husband are essentially out of spending money and have to be very intentional not to spend a penny. They contribute to savings and retirement accounts, and she mentioned she could reduce the amount they’re saving, but she doesn’t want to. So instead, she’s become extra frugal, especially toward the end of the month! This is something I’m super familiar with. There have been lots of…

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