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In 1947, Harvard’s Mark II ran on roughly 13,000 electromechanical relays, stored numbers across 100 registers, and read instructions from punched paper tape, turning thousands of clicking metal switches into a Navy calculator vulnerable to dust, loose contacts, and one famously misplaced moth

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Harvard’s Mark II began solving test problems in July 1947 with approximately 13,000 electromechanical relays clicking inside it. The machine…